Postagens
➭ 8 Questions.
➭ Text (1) – | CHARLIE CHAPLIN – A COMIC GENIUS | Speak Up |
➭ Text (2) – | CHARLIE CHAPLIN: THE LATER YEARS | Speak Up |
➭ Text (3) – | REWARDS FOR TALENTS | Compact English Book |
❑ TEXTO 1:
CHARLIE CHAPLIN – A COMIC GENIUS
It was a fantastic creation, stirring up emotions, both happy and sad, and Chaplin played that classic role in more than 70 films during his career, earning him both a fortune and international fame.
Chaplin’s beginnings never promised such success. Though born into a wealthy London family, the good times quickly disappeared. His father deserted when Charlie was an infant (and later died of alcoholism) and his mother, a successful music hall star, had a nervous breakdown and was sent to an asylum. Charlie thus found himself in an orphanage. It was the theatre that gave Chaplin his first release from the pressures of troubled life. He made his debut in 1894, appearing on stage with his mother. Later he became part of Fred Karno’s music hall troupe and went with them on their American tour of 1912. It was while the company was in the United States that the young Chaplin was spotted by the film director Mack Sennett and signed to Keystone Films at 150 dollars a week. Over the next few months Chaplin made dozens of films for Keystone many of which featured his newly created "little tramp" character.
From: Speak Up. Agosto 1999 – no
147 (adapted)
👉 Questão 01 Read the summaries below. Which one (s) contains (contain) the same information found in the text?
01. According to the text, Chaplin stands as one of the greatest comedians ever, being also a relevant and powerful person in the history of the movie industry. His success is due to a character he created, known as the “little tramp”. First introduced to the world in Kid Auto Races at Venice, the “little tramp” appeared in all Chaplin’s movies and earned money and fame. Chaplin was meant to be successful since the beginning of his career. Born into a rich family, Chaplin was sent to an orphanage when his father and mother died. In 1912 he went on a tour with Karno’s music hall troupe, but his first performance on stage was in 1894. When touring with Karno’s group, Chaplin was invited to film Keystone for 150 dollars a week.
02. In the text it is said that Chaplin gained one of the highest positions as a comedian in the cinema world. The text also describes the character that brought Chaplin fame and fortune and shows when his career blossomed. Besides that, we are told about who was responsible for his recognition and the number of times Chaplin performed his “little tramp” character in the films he took part in during those years. On the other hand, we learn how difficult Chaplin’s life was when he was very young.
04. The text refers to Charlie Chaplin as one of the greatest comic actors in the whole history of motion pictures. It also tells how Chaplin gained success through the creation of his famous character – the “little tramp” – and presents a brief description of him. Besides that, the reader is informed about the hard times Chaplin had to overcome still as a child, since his father left and his mother became seriously ill. The text also mentions when Chaplin’s talent was recognized and who took part in this process. Finally, the last lines of the text show us that Chaplin played the role of his new character in many films he made at that time.
08. Chaplin, the greatest comedian in the history of motion pictures, started his career in 1914, with Kid Auto Races at Venice. After having lived in an orphanage, he made his first public appearance in 1894, with his mother. Chaplin was invited to work for Keystone Films by Mack Sennet, who brought him fame and fortune.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito 06=(02+04)
Leia os resumos abaixo. Qual (is) contém (contém) as mesmas informações encontradas no texto?
*
*Item (02): No texto, diz-se que Chaplin ganhou uma das posições mais altas como comediante no mundo do cinema. O texto também descreve o personagem que trouxe fama e fortuna a Chaplin e mostra quando sua carreira floresceu. Além disso, somos informados sobre quem foi o responsável pelo seu reconhecimento e o número de vezes que Chaplin interpretou seu personagem “pequeno vagabundo” nos filmes em que participou durante aqueles anos. Por outro lado, aprendemos quão difícil a vida de Chaplin era quando ele era muito jovem.
*Item (04): O texto refere-se a Charlie Chaplin como um dos maiores atores cômicos em toda a história do cinema. Ele também conta como Chaplin obteve sucesso através da criação de seu famoso personagem - o "pequeno vagabundo" - e apresenta uma breve descrição dele. Além disso, o leitor é informado sobre os tempos difíceis que Chaplin teve que superar ainda em criança, desde que seu pai partiu e sua mãe ficou seriamente doente. O texto também menciona quando o talento de Chaplin foi reconhecido e quem participou desse processo. Finalmente, as últimas linhas do texto nos mostram que Chaplin desempenhou o papel de seu novo personagem em muitos filmes que ele fez na época.
*
👉 Questão 02
Choose the proposition(s) in which the
definitions of the underlined words correspond
to the meaning used in the text.
01. figures – numbered drawings or diagrams in a
book.
02. cane – to punish someone, especially a child, by
hitting them with a long thin stick.
04. role – the character played by an actor in a play
or film.
08. stage – the raised floor in a theater on which
plays are performed.
16. dozens of – a lot of.
32. featured – showed.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito 60=(04+08+16+32)
Escolha a(s) proposição(s) em que as definições das palavras sublinhadas correspondem ao significado usado no texto.
*
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL: FIGURE ➜ VULTO ou FIGURA HUMANA.
"[...] One of the most important and influential figures in the history of motion pictures, Charlie Chaplin was perhaps the greatest comedian to have ever lived."
(Uma dos VULTOS mais importantes e influentes na história do cinema,)
*
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL: cane ➜ BENGALA.
"[...] With his smudge moustache, baggy trousers and bowler hat, and twirling his cane"
(Com o bigode manchado, as calças largas e o chapéu de jogador, e girando a bengala)
*Item (04): role(papel do ator) - o personagem interpretado por um ator em uma peça ou filme.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL: CLASSIC ROLE ➜ PAPEL CLÁSSICO.
"[...] It was a fantastic creation, stirring up emotions, both happy and sad, and Chaplin played that classic role in more than 70 films during his career, earning him both a fortune and international fame."
(Foi uma criação fantástica, agitando as emoções, tanto felizes e triste, e Chaplin desempenhou esse papel clássico em mais de 70 filmes durante sua carreira, o que lhe rendeu uma fortuna e fama internacional.)
*Item (08): stage(palco) - o piso elevado em um teatro em que as execuções são realizadas.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL: ON STAGE ➜ NO PALCO.
"[...] He made his debut in 1894, appearing on stage with his mother."
(Ele fez sua estréia em 1894, aparecendo no palco com sua mãe.)
*Item (16): dozens of(dezenas de) – a lot of(muito).
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL: dozens of ➜ MUITO(a lot of).
"[...] Over the next few months Chaplin made dozens of films for Keystone many of which featured his newly created "little tramp" character."
(Nos meses que se seguiram, Chaplin fez dezenas de filmes para Keystone, muitos dos quais apresentavam seu recém-criado "pequeno vagabundo".)
*Item (32): featured – showed.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL: FEATURE(exibir/mostrar/expor) ➜ SHOW(mostrar).
"[...] Over the next few months Chaplin made dozens of films for Keystone many of which featured his newly created "little tramp" character."
(Nos meses que se seguiram, Chaplin fez dezenas de filmes para Keystone, muitos dos quais APRESENTAVAM seu recém-criado "pequeno vagabundo".)
👉 Questão 03
Select the proposition (s) in which the beginning of the sentence can be CORRECTLY matched with both alternatives, according to the text.
01. With his “little tramp” character Chaplin
a) received a large amount of money.
b) became famous all over the world.
02. Charlie Chaplin’s beginnings were not easy
because
a) his family had serious problems.
b) his father abandoned him and his mother got a mental illness when he was just a little boy.
04. As a “little tramp” Chaplin used to wear
a) loose trousers.
b) a hat with a round hard top.
08. In 1912 Chaplin
a) traveled with a music hall company around the United States.
b) made a show with his mother.
16. Every month Chaplin
a) received almost two hundred dollars.
b) was invited to make a new film.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito 07=(01+02+04)
Selecione a(s) proposição(s) em que o início da sentença pode ser CORRETAMENTE combinado com as duas alternativas, de acordo com o texto.
*Item (01): Com seu personagem "pequeno vagabundo" Chaplin
a) recebeu uma grande quantia de dinheiro.
b) tornou-se famoso em todo o mundo.
*Item (02): O começo de Charlie Chaplin não foi fácil
Porque
a) sua família teve sérios problemas.
b) seu pai o abandonou e sua mãe adoeceu mentalmente quando ele era apenas um garotinho.
➦ IDEIAS CONTEXTUAIS encontrada no parágrafo:
"[...] Though born into a wealthy London family, the good times quickly disappeared. His father deserted when Charlie was an infant (and later died of alcoholism) and his mother, a successful music hall star, had a nervous breakdown and was sent to an asylum. Charlie thus found himself in an orphanage."
(Embora nascido em uma rica família londrina, os bons tempos rapidamente desapareceram. Seu pai abandonou quando Charlie era uma criança (e depois morreu de alcoolismo) e sua mãe, uma estrela do music hall de sucesso, teve um colapso nervoso e foi enviada para um asilo. Charlie, portanto, encontrou-se em um orfanato.)
*Item (04): Como um "pequeno vagabundo" Chaplin costumava usar
a) calças soltas.
b) um chapéu com um top duro e redondo.
*
a) viajou com uma companhia de music hall pelos Estados Unidos.
b) fez um show com sua mãe.
*
a) recebia
b) era convidado para fazer um novo filme.
➦ IDEIAS CONTEXTUAIS encontrada no parágrafo:
"[...] It was while the company was in the United States hat the young Chaplin was spotted by the film director Mack Sennett and signed to Keystone Films at 150 dollars a week"
(Foi enquanto a empresa estava nos Estados Unidos que o jovem Chaplin foi flagrado pelo cineasta Mack Sennett e assinou contrato com a Keystone Films a 150 dólares por semana.)
❑ TEXTO 2:
CHARLIE CHAPLIN: THE LATER YEARS
Chaplin's subsequent films, like The Tramp and Shanghaied, firmly established his reputation and, as his fame rose, so too did his salary and his power. By 1917 Chaplin was able to demand a million dollars for eight pictures. By now Chaplin was taking an increasing amount of control over his work: writing, directing, producing and even composing the music for many of the films in which he starred.
In 1919 that control became complete with Chaplin, along with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith, forming United Artists as an independent company to distribute their films.
The introduction of sound to the cinema, however, brought an end to Chaplin’s greatness. His style of performance, derived from the circus clown and from mime, no longer seemed to work its magic. He avoided using the new technology for his films City Lights and Modern Times but embraced it in his 1936 movie, The Great Dictator.
Though Chaplin continued to make the occasional film, and also wrote two books, his glory days were over. His leftist politics brought him in for a good deal of criticism (as did an affair with a young woman) and investigation by the Un-American Affairs Commission. As a result, Chaplin left the U.S. in 1952 and, having been refused re-entry, made his home in Switzerland.
In 1972 he returned to the United States to receive several tributes, among them a special Academy Award for his contributions to the film industry. Three years later he was knighted.
Chaplin died on December 25th 1977. Among his obituaries was a quote from the actor in 1960: "I remain one thing and one thing only, and that is a clown. It places me on a far higher plane than any politician."
From: Speak Up. Agosto 1999 – no 147 (adapted)
👉 Questão 04
The statements in italics below were extracted or adapted from the text. They are all correct.
Choose the proposition(s) in which the statement in letter a) is CORRECTLY explained or interpreted in letter b), according to the text.
01.
a) Chaplin avoided using the new technology for some of his films but embraced it in his The Great Dictator.
b) Chaplin decided to introduce sound to many films but didn’t accept to use it in The Great Dictator.
02.
a) The introduction of sound to the cinema brought an end to Chaplin’s greatness.
b) When silent films disappeared fame deserted Chaplin.
04.
a) Chaplin's glory days were over.
b) Chaplin's fame was gone.
08.
a) "It places me on a far higher plane than any politician."
b) The artist compares himself to a politician, and as a clown he feels less important.
16.
a) Chaplin left the U.S. and, having been refused re-entry, made his home in Switzerland.
b) Chaplin decided to live in Switzerland because the American people finally accepted his bad manners.
32.
a) Chaplin's leftist politics brought him in for a good deal of criticism.
b) Chaplin’s political ideals provoked a lot of criticism against him.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito 38=(02+04+32)
As sentenças em itálico abaixo foram extraídas ou adaptadas do texto. Eles estão todos corretos.
Escolha a(s) proposição(s) na(s) qual(is) a declaração na letra a) é explicada ou interpretada CORRETAMENTE na letra b), de acordo com o texto.
*
a) Chaplin evitou usar a nova tecnologia para alguns de seus filmes, mas a adotou em seu The Great Dictator.
b)
➦ IDEIA CONTEXTUAL encontrada no parágrafo:
"[...] He avoided using the new technology for his films City Lights and Modern Times but embraced it in his 1936 movie, The Great Dictator."
(Ele evitou usar a nova tecnologia para seus filmes City Lights e Modern Times, mas a adotou em seu filme de 1936, O Grande Ditador.)
*Item (02):
a) A introdução do som ao cinema trouxe um fim à grandeza de Chaplin.
b) Quando os filmes mudos desapareceram, a fama abandonou Chaplin.
➦ IDEIA CONTEXTUAL encontrada no parágrafo:
"[...] The introduction of sound to the cinema, however, brought an end to Chaplin’s greatness. His style of performance, derived from the circus clown and from mime, no longer seemed to work its magic."
(A introdução do som no cinema, no entanto, pôs fim à grandeza de Chaplin. Seu estilo de performance, derivado do palhaço de circo e da mímica, não parecia mais funcionar como mágica.)
*Item (04):
a) Os dias de glória de Chaplin acabaram.
b) A fama de Chaplin se foi.
➦ IDEIA CONTEXTUAL encontrada no parágrafo:
"[...] Though Chaplin continued to make the occasional film, and also wrote two books, his glory days were over."
(Embora Chaplin continuasse a fazer o filme ocasional e também escrevesse dois livros, seus dias de glória terminaram.)
*
a) "Isso me coloca em um plano muito mais alto do que qualquer político."
b) O artista se compara a um político e, como palhaço,
"[...] Chaplin died on December 25th 1977. Among his obituaries was a quote from the actor in 1960: "I remain one thing and one thing only, and that is a clown. It places me on a far higher plane than any politician.""
(Chaplin morreu em 25 de dezembro de 1977. Entre seus obituários estava uma citação do ator em 1960: "Eu permaneço uma coisa e uma coisa só, e isso é um palhaço. Isso me coloca em um plano muito mais alto do que qualquer político".)
*
a) Chaplin deixou os EUA e, tendo sido recusado a reentrada, fez sua casa na Suíça.
b) Chaplin decidiu morar na Suíça
➦ IDEIA CONTEXTUAL encontrada no parágrafo:
"[...] Though Chaplin continued to make the occasional film, and also wrote two books, his glory days were over. His leftist politics brought him in for a good deal of criticism (as did an affair with a young woman) and investigation by the Un-American Affairs Commission. As a result, Chaplin left the U.S. in 1952 and, having been refused re-entry, made his home in Switzerland."
(Embora Chaplin continuasse a fazer o filme ocasional e também escrevesse dois livros, seus dias de glória terminaram. Sua política de esquerda o levou a muitas críticas (assim como um caso com uma jovem) e a uma investigação da Comissão de Assuntos Não Americanos. Como resultado, Chaplin deixou os EUA em 1952 e, tendo sido recusado a reentrada, fez sua casa na Suíça.)
*Item (32):
a) A política esquerdista de Chaplin levou-o a uma boa dose de críticas.
b) Os ideais políticos de Chaplin provocaram muitas críticas contra ele.
➦ IDEIA CONTEXTUAL encontrada no parágrafo:
"[...] Though Chaplin continued to make the occasional film, and also wrote two books, his glory days were over. His leftist politics brought him in for a good deal of criticism (as did an affair with a young woman) and investigation by the Un-American Affairs Commission. As a result, Chaplin left the U.S. in 1952 and, having been refused re-entry, made his home in Switzerland."
(Embora Chaplin continuasse a fazer o filme ocasional e também escrevesse dois livros, seus dias de glória terminaram. Sua política de esquerda o levou a muitas críticas (assim como um caso com uma jovem) e a uma investigação da Comissão de Assuntos Não Americanos. Como resultado, Chaplin deixou os EUA em 1952 e, tendo sido recusado a reentrada, fez sua casa na Suíça.)
👉 Questão 05
Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain) CORRECT references to the following words, underlined in the text.
01. which (paragraph 1): the films
02. their (paragraph 1): Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, D.W. Griffith, and Chaplin
04. its (paragraph 2): the circus clown
08. it (paragraph 2): the new technology
16. them (paragraph 2): several tributes
32. the actor (paragraph 2): Chaplin
64. that (paragraph 2): the actor
👍 Comentários e Gabarito 59=(01+02+08+16+32)
*Item (01): which(os quais) ➜ the films.
"[...] By now Chaplin was taking an increasing amount of control over his work: writing, directing, producing and even composing the music for many of the films in which he starred."
(A essa altura, Chaplin assumia um controle cada vez maior sobre seu trabalho: escrever, dirigir, produzir e até compor a música para muitos dos filmes em que atuou.)
*Item (02): their(deles) ➜ Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, D.W. Griffith, and Chaplin.
"[...] In 1919 that control became complete with Chaplin, along with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith, forming United Artists as an independent company to distribute their films."
(Em 1919, o controle ficou completo com Chaplin, junto com Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks e D. W. Griffith, formando a United Artists como uma companhia independente para distribuir seus filmes.)
*
"[...] The introduction of sound to the cinema, however, brought an end to Chaplin’s greatness. His style of performance, derived from the circus clown and from mime, no longer seemed to work its magic."
(A introdução do som no cinema, no entanto, pôs fim à grandeza de Chaplin. Seu estilo de performance, derivado do palhaço de circo e da mímica, não parecia mais funcionar como mágica.)
*Item (08): it ➜ the new technology
"[...] He avoided using the new technology for his films City Lights and Modern Times but embraced it in his 1936 movie, The Great Dictator."
(Ele evitou usar a nova tecnologia para seus filmes City Lights e Modern Times, mas a adotou em seu filme de 1936, O Grande Ditador.)
*Item (16): them ➜ several tributes
"[...] In 1972 he returned to the United States to receive several tributes, among them a special Academy Award for his contributions to the film industry."
(Em 1972, ele retornou aos Estados Unidos para receber vários tributos, entre eles um prêmio especial da Academia por suas contribuições à indústria cinematográfica.)
*Item (32): the actor ➜ Chaplin
"[...] Chaplin died on December 25th 1977. Among his obituaries was a quote from the actor in 1960"
(Chaplin morreu em 25 de dezembro de 1977. Entre seus obituários foi uma citação do ator em 1960)
*
"[...] I remain one thing and one thing only, and that is a clown. It places me on a far higher plane than any politician."
(Eu permaneço em uma coisa e uma coisa só, e isso é um palhaço. Isso me coloca em um plano muito mais alto do que qualquer político.)
👉 Questão 06
Identify the CORRECT proposition(s) according to the text.
01. As Chaplin's reputation increased, so did his salary and power.
02. Chaplin could ask for a large amount of money for his movies after becoming famous.
04. For many of the films he saw, Chaplin composed the music.
08. Chaplin's style of performance was taken from the circus clown and mime.
16. After sound was introduced to the cinema, Chaplin’s performance did not work its magic anymore.
32. Chaplin tried to re-enter the United States, but was not allowed. So he established himself in Europe.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito 59=(01+02+08+16+32)
Identifique a (s) proposta (s) CORRETA (s) de acordo com o texto.
*Item (01): À medida que a reputação de Chaplin aumentava, também aumentavam seu salário e poder.
*Item (02): Chaplin poderia pedir uma grande quantia de dinheiro para seus filmes depois de se tornar famoso.
*
*Item (08): O estilo de atuação de Chaplin foi tirado do palhaço de circo e mímica.
*Item (16): Depois que o som foi apresentado ao cinema, a apresentação de Chaplin não funcionou mais com sua mágica.
*Item (32): Chaplin tentou reentrar nos Estados Unidos, mas não foi permitido. Então ele se estabeleceu na Europa.
➦ IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ➜ and, having been refused re-entry (e, tendo sido recusada a reentrada).
"[...] As a result, Chaplin left the U.S. in 1952 and, having been refused re-entry, made his home in Switzerland."
(Como resultado, Chaplin deixou os EUA em 1952 e, tendo sido recusado a reentrada, fez seu lar na Suíça.)
❑ TEXTO 3:
REWARDS FOR TALENTS
PULITZER PRIZES – they were endowed by Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), publisher of the New York World, in a bequest to Columbia University. They are awarded annually since 1917 for work done during the preceding year. All prizes are $3,000 in each category (Journalism, Literature and Music), except Meritorious Public Service for which a gold medal is given.
OSCAR – a gold-plated statuette awarded by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for outstanding contributions to motion-picture industry since 1928. The first movie to get an Oscar was Wings and the first director was Frank Borzage with Seventh Heaven. There are many versions about the origin of the name “Oscar”, which has been used since 1931. The most common one is that the statuette was named after Oscar Pierce, the uncle of Margaret Herrick, a librarian of the Academy.
GRAMMY – A statuette awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for outstanding achievement in almost 70 categories in the recording industry. The first Grammy was delivered in 1958 to Domenico Modugno for his song Volare. The word Grammy comes from GRAM (ophone).
From: LIBERATO, Wilson Antônio. Compact English Book. FTD, 1998
👉 Questão 07 Select the CORRECT proposition(s) according to the text.
01. Among the many well-known awards given in the United States, the Nobel Prize is the most famous one.
02. The first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded by Joseph Pulitzer, a publisher of the New York World.
04. Music is one of the categories awarded by both the Pulitzer Prizes and the Grammy.
08. The prizes mentioned in the text were all named after outstanding people.
16. The name Oscar was probably a tribute to Margaret Herrick's uncle.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito 20=(04+16)
Selecione a (s) proposta (s) CORRETA (s) de acordo com o texto.
*
➦ IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ➜ Um dos prêmios mais famosos é o Prêmio Nobel.
"[...] Awards and medals are usually given throughout the world to outstanding people in several areas of knowledge. One of the most famous awards is the Nobel Prize. There are other well-known premiums in the United States."
(Prêmios e medalhas são geralmente dados em todo o mundo para pessoas de destaque em várias áreas do conhecimento. Um dos prêmios mais famosos é o Prêmio Nobel. Existem outros prêmios bem conhecidos nos Estados Unidos.)
*
*Item (04): A música é uma das categorias premiadas pelos prêmios Pulitzer e Grammy.
*
*Item (16): O nome Oscar foi provavelmente uma homenagem ao tio de Margaret Herrick.
👉 Questão 08
In which paragraphs can you find the following information? Select the CORRECT proposition(s) according to the text.
01. the probable origin of the name of a premium given to important contributions to the film industry: paragraph 3
02. the approximate amount of categories that receive a statuette in the world of the recording industry: paragraph 4
04. the name of a country where famous rewards are delivered: paragraph 1
08. the name of a prize that is awarded monthly since the beginning of the century: paragraph 2
16. the year in which the name “Oscar” was first used to name a gold-plated statuette: paragraph 3
32. how long the person who endowed the Pulitzer Prizes lived: paragraph 2
64. the price of the gold medal that is delivered as a Pulitzer Prize: paragraph 2
👍 Comentários e Gabarito 55=(01+02+04+16+32)
Em quais parágrafos você pode encontrar as seguintes informações? Selecione a (s) proposta (s) CORRETA (s) de acordo com o texto.
*Item (01): a origem provável do nome de um prémio dado a importantes contribuições para a indústria cinematográfica: nº 3
*Item (02): a quantidade aproximada de categorias que recebem uma estatueta no mundo da indústria fonográfica: parágrafo 4
*Item (04): o nome de um país onde são entregues as melhores recompensas: parágrafo 1
*
*Item (16): o ano em que o nome “Oscar” foi usado pela primeira vez para nomear uma estatueta banhada a ouro: parágrafo 3
*Item (32): quanto tempo durou a pessoa que dotou os Prêmios Pulitzer: parágrafo 2
*
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